An educator, writer, social activist, and pediatrician at the Bersohn and Bauman Hospital. During the occupation, Korczak, along with Stefania Wilczyńska, ran an orphanage from which he, along with his pupils and caregivers, was deported to the Treblinka extermination camp in 1942.
Co-founder of the Society of Friends of Children, director of the Bersohn and Bauman Hospital. After its incorporation into the ghetto, she conducted research there on starvation disease in children. She perished with them in the bunker in April 1943.
A writer, historian, translator, and psychologist, she directed a community kitchen in the Warsaw Ghetto and collaborated with Emanuel Ringelblum. She wrote reports on living conditions in the ghetto for Oneg Shabbat. She survived the war hiding in the Warsaw Zoo.
A poet and social activist in the Warsaw Ghetto, where she lived on Sienna Street. Author of the famous poem "The Little Smuggler." She cared for ghetto orphans and co-founded the Ringelblum Archive. She perished in the Treblinka extermination camp.
Righteous Among the Nations, a world-famous social and charity activist, member of the Polish Socialist Party and the Council for Aid to Jews "Żegota", who rescued many Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto.
She was a liaison officer for the Jewish Combat Organization and, above all, an excellent doctor. In March 1940, she began working at the Bersohn and Bauman Hospital, a position she recalls in her book "And I Don't Remember Anything More."
The beginning of World War II is generally considered to be the German armed aggression against Poland, which the Third Reich carried out in concert with the USSR. The air raid on Wieluń, the shelling of Westerplatte, and the defense of the Tczew Bridges are symbolic first acts of the conflict.
The Governor-General of the occupied Polish territories, Hans Frank, introduces a complete ban on ritual slaughter in the General Government.
By order of the Governor of the Warsaw District, Ludwig Fischer, a ghetto was established in the capital, forcing 250 Warsaw residents to change their place of residence within a few weeks.
The borders ran along the following streets: Wielka, Bagno, Grzybowski Square, Rynkowa, Zimna, Elektoralna, Bankowy Square, Tłomackie, Przejazd, Nalewki, the border of the Krasiński Garden, Świętojerska, Freta, Sapieżyńska, Konwiktorska, Stawki, Dzika, Okopowa, Towarowa, Srebrna and Złota.
Jews from the Pruszków Ghetto were deported to the Warsaw Ghetto. They were allowed to take only hand luggage with them. Everything left by the transported population was looted by the Germans.
A pedagogue and psychologist whom Lea Rotkop called "the most faithful friend of the Jewish child." She was born in 1887 into a wealthy Jewish family in Slutsk. She graduated from the University and the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Pedagogical Institute in Geneva. She authored numerous scholarly works, lectured at the Jewish Teachers' Seminary in Vilnius, served as an inspector for the central Jewish educational organization CISZO, and co-editor of its monthly pedagogical journal, "Nowa Szkoła." After the outbreak of World War II, she was relocated to the Warsaw Ghetto, where she worked in a street children's unit established at Centos. She also organized cultural events in Yiddish for children. Although she often cared for children afflicted with epidemic diseases, she refused to erect a barrier at her desk to separate them. She contracted typhus and refused the Joint's help, believing that there were others who deserved it. After a serious illness, she died in late November 1941.
The first transport to the Kulmhof camp in Chełmno nad Nerem brought Jews from surrounding ghettos. Extermination was carried out in mobile gas chambers using exhaust gas. The bodies were taken to the forest and then burned in field crematoria.
A meeting was held on Großer Wannsee Street in Berlin, attended by Adolf Eichmann and Reinhard Heydrich, among others, to discuss the details of the planned genocide of the Jewish population. As the discussion continued, the Holocaust was already unfolding – through overpopulation, famine, and epidemics in the ghettos.
In the Warsaw Ghetto, the Germans opened a wooden pedestrian bridge, the so-called footbridge, over the "Aryan" Chłodna Street at the intersection with Żelazna Street. It connected the so-called Large and Small Ghettos. Today, its symbolic reconstruction stands in its place.
Some of the Jews imprisoned in the Tarczyn ghetto were transported to Warsaw. A month later, the remaining Jews were sent to the Warsaw Ghetto. All were murdered in the German Nazi extermination camp at Treblinka.
The German authorities targeted individuals suspected of conspiratorial activity, trade unionists, and social activists in the ghetto. The repression was carried out by the gendarmerie and police, the SS, the Gestapo, and officers of the Jewish Order Service. Fifty-two people were murdered.
Author of "Diary from the Warsaw Ghetto," first published in New York in 1945. She lived in the ghetto, including on Sienna Street. She was interned in Pawiak Prison along with other Jewish citizens of the United States and Great Britain. She arrived in New York with her family in 1944.
The German-led liquidation operation in the Warsaw Ghetto, during which approximately 265 Jews, constituting 75 percent of the ghetto's population, were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. Approximately 10 were murdered on the spot. The operation ended on September 21st.
The first transport of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto consisted of 60 train cars filled with women, men, the elderly, children, and infants. At Treblinka, approximately 800 people were murdered in stationary gas chambers using exhaust fumes.
The children, Janusz Korczak, Stefania Wilczyńska, and other workers left the Orphanage and traveled from Sienna 16 to the Umschlagplatz. The train likely reached the Treblinka extermination camp the following day. By noon, all had been gassed.
A distinguished painter and co-founder of the Rytm Association, he exhibited his work in Europe and North America. Set in the Warsaw Ghetto, he captured scenes of its destruction. In the first days of the so-called Grossaktion, he was shot dead in the street.
Writer Zofia Kossak-Szczucka co-founded the Front for the Rebirth of Poland and the Council for Aid to Jews (Żegota). Her "Protest!", published by the FOP, condemned the world's silence on the Holocaust and Polish anti-Semitism. Five thousand leaflets were printed after the launch of the so-called Great Action.
The hospital began operating in the former primary school building at 6/8 Stawki Street, within the Umschlagplatz area. Doctors and nurses were housed in the tenement house at 22 Pawia Street. They were permitted to enter the Umschlagplatz area after a thorough inspection.
As part of the liquidation of the Otwock ghetto, the Germans deported approximately 8 people to the Treblinka extermination camp. Patients of the "Brijus" sanatorium and the "Zofiówka" facility, as well as the staff, were murdered on the spot, as were the children from the "Centos" center and their caregivers.
Approximately 6,500 Jews from Falenica were deported to the German Treblinka II extermination camp. Approximately 1,000 Jews from Rembertów and several hundred from Otwock were added to the rail transport.
After the five-day uprising in the Białystok ghetto was crushed, the remaining approximately 30 inmates were deported to the German Nazi extermination camps in Treblinka, Auschwitz, and Majdanek.
The 5242 inmates who survived the typhus epidemic in the initial phase of the ghetto's existence were transported to the German Nazi extermination camp in Treblinka. Approximately 1000 were murdered on the spot, prior to deportation.
In cooperation with the Front for the Rebirth of Poland, the Union of Polish Syndicalists, the PPS-WRN, and the Polish Democratic Organization, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz establish the Provisional Committee for Aid to Jews named after Konrad Żegota, which on December 4, 1942 was transformed into the Council for Aid to Jews.
On that day, which fell on the holiday of Simchat Torah, the Germans deported several thousand Jews from the Radzymin and Jabłonowo ghettos to the Treblinka extermination camp.
The Council for Aid to Jews at the Government Delegation for Poland was established in place of the Provisional Committee for Aid to Jews named after Konrad Żegota, founded by Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz.
She was released after the start of another German "deportation operation." The four-day armed self-defense operation delayed the final liquidation of the ghetto and provided time for preparations for the uprising.
The beginning of an armed uprising by underground formations in the ghetto during the final period of its liquidation. The Jewish Combat Organization and the Jewish Military Union rose against the occupiers, with limited assistance from the Home Army and the People's Army.
Entrepreneur and president of the Merchants' Union Central Office, Warsaw councilor, chairman of the Economic Council, and head of the Ghetto Supply Board. Founder of an orphanage in the so-called residual ghetto. He refused to attempt to escape from the ghetto and was murdered along with his wife.
Political and youth activist, commander of the Jewish Combat Organization, and one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. He perished along with members of the ŻOB command in a bunker surrounded by the Germans at 18 Miła Street.
A poet and author of political hits and couplets. From 1941 to 43, he participated in performances at the Orphanage run by J. Korczak. A collaborator with Oneg Shabbat, he wrote poems about life and death in the ghetto.
This is the German date for the end of the uprising. On that day, on J. Stroop's orders, the Germans blew up the Great Synagogue on Tłomackie Street, symbolizing their triumph and the expulsion of Jews from Warsaw. In reality, sporadic fighting continued until June.
A Beitar youth activist, commander and head of the Military and Information Department of the Jewish Military Union. After a long battle, he and his comrades blew themselves up in an insurgent bunker, which had been exposed by a member of the "Sword and Plow" Movement.
A one-day revolt was organized by the camp underground. They failed to eliminate the camp staff or destroy the gas chambers. Of the approximately 840 prisoners in the camp at the time, several hundred were killed, and approximately 400 managed to escape – most of them were soon killed by the Germans, as well as by Poles.
The operation took place on November 3–4 in the Lublin district of the General Government. On Heinrich Himmler's orders, immediately following the prisoner revolt at the Sobibór extermination camp, approximately 42 Jewish prisoners were murdered in camps including Majdanek, Poniatowa, and Trawniki.
As part of the so-called Final Solution to the Jewish Question in the General Government and the Białystok District, approximately 1,85 million Jews were murdered in occupied Poland in 1942–1943. They were murdered in extermination camps, concentration camps, and during the liquidation of ghettos.
In the bunker beneath Mieczysław Wolski's greenhouse, approximately 40 people, including Emanuel Ringelblum's family, hid between 1942 and 1944. The largest rescue operation of its kind in occupied Warsaw was exposed by a tip-off.
Emanuel Ringelblum, murdered by the Germans, was a historian, educator, and social activist. He co-founded the Oneg Shabbat organization, which established the underground archive of the Warsaw Ghetto. He perished in the ghetto ruins.
The armed uprising against the German occupiers, organized by the Home Army as part of Operation Tempest, ended with the Polish capitulation on October 3rd. Many Jews participated in the uprising.
